<p>The First Presbyterian Church of Wapakoneta is a historic former church building in downtown Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States. A small brick building located along Main Street west of the Auglaize County Courthouse, it is the oldest Protestant church building in Auglaize County and the oldest church building of any faith in the city of Wapakoneta. It is historically significant as west-central Ohio&#39;s only example of Greek Revival "distyle in antis" construction, in which two columns are located in the opening between pilasters.</p><br>
<p>Organized in 1860, the congregation included many of Auglaize Countys leading citizens. Unlike the majority German population of the county, the Presbyterians were primarily immigrants from East Coast states such as Virginia and New York. The congregation was greatly reduced by a financial scandal in the 1920s; reduced to a handful of members, it was disorganized in 1930 and its property sold. After it passed into the possession of the Wapakoneta Womens Club in that year, it served as the clubhouse until 1997, when it was purchased by the Auglaize County Historical Society. Since that time, the church has been converted into the Wapakoneta Museum by the society.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Key to this honor was its unusual architecture and its connection to the leading members of Auglaize County society during the congregation&#39;s heyday.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States. Built in 1910, this church is home to an active Catholic parish, and it has been declared a historic site because of its well-preserved Romanesque Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Early parish history</h2><br>
<p>One of the first two Catholic priests in northern Ohio was John William Horstmann, a native of Osnabrück who had settled in the village of Glandorf to the north. Starting in 1832, he made monthly journeys of 50 mi to Stallotown to the south. As Wapakoneta lies midway between these communities, he often visited with and celebrated Mass for its few Catholic families. After four years of these travels, he established a parish at Petersburg,</p><br>
<p>By 1839, the Catholic community in Wapakoneta had grown to the point that it could be created a separate parish, and the members built a small frame church on the southeastern corner of the intersection of Pearl and Blackhoof Streets near the city&#39;s downtown. Although no resident pastor served the parish in its earliest years, membership grew during the 1840s and 1850s, and a priest was first assigned to the church in 1857. The expenses of maintaining even a small church caused the parish to be deep in debt during its earliest years, but it prospered greatly under the pastorate of Joseph Gregory Dwenger, later Bishop of Fort Wayne.</p><br>
<h2>Church building</h2><br>
<p>By the late 1850s, the parish&#39;s membership had grown significantly, and the original church had become too small; the church includes architectural features such as two towers and a large rose window at the front, underneath which worshippers may enter the building through several large arched doors.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians have divided the Precious Blood-related churches of western Ohio into multiple generations. Only a few buildings remain from the first generation, which consisted primarily of small wooden churches, and only St. Johns Church in Fryburg remains essentially unchanged. Replacing these wooden buildings were the churches of the second generation, which were generally small brick buildings without tall spires. The churches of the third generation are mostly High Gothic Revival structures with tall towers, but the final generation of churches includes a wide range of styles. As a Romanesque Revival church built in 1910, St. Josephs is one of the newest churches in the region, and it plainly is a part of the final generation.</p><br>
<h2>Related buildings</h2><br>
<h3>School</h3><br>
<p>In 1853, the church purchased a frame building adjacent to its property and quickly opened a parish elementary school inside. After sixteen years, a larger structure was desired, and a larger brick building was erected immediately to the east of the church at a cost of $4,000. Continued growth necessitated its replacement by a newer building in 1899; this structure is still standing. With features such as towers and turrets, St. Joseph&#39;s School is one of the most architecturally-prominent Catholic schools in the region, along with schools in Minster, St. Henry, and Chickasaw.</p><br>
<p>As the parish continued to expand, a high school was opened in 1919; its classes met in the elementary school building until a new building was completed in 1961. However, financial issues caused the high school&#39;s closure in 1974; the elementary students were then transferred to the former high school, and the original elementary school was then leased to the Wapakoneta City School District.</p><br>
<h3>Rectory</h3><br>
<p>As well as completing its school in 1899, the parish also built a rectory in the same year. Expanded in 1922, the rectory was later converted into a convent.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<h3>Current condition</h3><br>
<p>Today, St. Joseph&#39;s Church is an active parish of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. It is clustered with St. John parish in Fryburg, and the entire cluster is part of the St. Marys Deanery.</p><br>
<h3>Recognition</h3><br>
<p>In 1979, St. Josephs Church and School were listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of their place in Ohios history and because of their well-preserved historic architecture. They were among more than thirty different properties included in the "Cross-Tipped Churches of Ohio Thematic Resources," a multiple property submission of architecturally-important churches and church-related buildings in western Ohio related to the Congregation of the Precious Blood. These churches, primarily Gothic Revival structures with massive towers, have become the namesake of this heavily Catholic region, which is commonly known as the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches."</p><br>
<p>Pisgah Christian Church is a historic Church of Christ house of worship located outside of Ripley in rural Brown County, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1850s for a quarter-century-old congregation, it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The earliest settlers in the vicinity of Pisgah Ridge arrived during the territorial days, shortly before 1800. In 1810, the first Church of Christ in Brown County was founded along Eagle Creek, and the group that became Pisgah Christian Church was founded in 1824; it was one of five in the county founded between 1818 and 1826. and he participated in the establishment of another Church of Christ in the nearby village of Ripley in the 1840s. A native of Rensselaer County, New York, ten-year-old Gardner had moved with his family to present-day Brown County in 1800. He became a Church of Christ preacher in 1812 and was ordained in 1818, and almost immediately began starting churches in southwestern Ohio. At the close of his life, he claimed to have begun twenty-two congregations and estimated that his preaching had seen more than six thousand conversions.</p><br>
<p>Pisgah is a brick building with a foundation of limestone, a tin roof, and additional elements of wood and stone. An arched main entrance is the only opening in the gable-front facade, while four rectangular windows are placed in the single-story side. A small belfry sits atop the roof above the main entrance, while a partial pediment creates the gable. Trees are scattered around the church property. The overall structure is typical of vernacular buildings of the period, including the slight influence of adapted Greek Revival elements such as the pediment. Pisgah&#39;s first building was a log structure on the same property as the present building, and the present building was erected in 1854. Despite the passage of more than a century and a half, it has experienced almost no changes; no other nineteenth-century church in Brown County retains a comparable degree of integrity. Modernizations such as the installation of plumbing and electricity have never been performed at Pisgah, and the immediate environment remains in use as a quiet rural farming area.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, Pisgah Christian Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of five Union Township locations on the Register, along with the Burgett House and Barn on White Road, the Henry Martin Farm and the Stonehurst (Ripley, Ohio) farmstead on USA Route 68, and Red Oak Presbyterian Church on Cemetery Road.</p><br>
<p>The John Herrington House and Herrington Bethel Church are a pair of historic buildings located near Mechanicstown in Carroll County, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1840s, they bear the name of a prominent local Methodist minister, and they have together been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania native John Herrington migrated west to eastern Ohio following the American Revolution, in which he served as a drummer boy. Upon settling in present-day Carroll County, he began farming and preaching Methodism among the pioneer settlers, and he became one of the areas preëminent early religious leaders. Herringtons home served as the house of worship for his congregation until the church building was constructed in 1843, three years after a new house was built for him.</p><br>
<p>Constructed of sandstone, the church was seemingly built under the direction of a local black craftsman, Frank Dunmore, who may also have been responsible for Herringtons house. The church is a simple gable-front design with one door on either side of the facade, while four windows pierce the sides, and a small cupola sits atop the roofline just behind the peak of the gable. Behind the church sits the congregations graveyard, while a woodlot lies beyond the graveyard.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the church and Herringtons house were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places. Religious properties are ordinarily not eligible for addition to the Register, but the Herrington complex was included because of its profound significance in local history. Few other extant properties are so closely connected to the settlement of Carroll County and the development of its religious institutions (particularly because of Herringtons dual rôle as a farmer and a preacher), and the well-preserved stonework of the two buildings represents an incomparable example of pre-Civil War stone vernacular construction in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Our Saviour is a historic Episcopal parish in the village of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, United States. Founded in the 1890s, it is one of the youngest congregations in the village, but its Gothic Revival-style church building that was constructed soon after the parish&#39;s creation has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Organic history</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers in Goshen Township arrived circa 1805, and Mechanicsburg was platted on 6 August 1814. Organized religion was rare in the earliest years; the first churches were established by circuit-riding preachers from the Methodist Episcopal Church, who founded small religious classes that met in settlers log cabins. Mechanicsburgs first church was a Methodist congregation organized in 1814, and by the 1880s the village boasted four additional churches: Baptist, black Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal, and Methodist Protestant.</p><br>
<p>Champaign Countys first Protestant Episcopal church was the Church of the Epiphany on the eastern side of the county seat of Urbana; it was created in 1847, nearly fifty years before a parish was formed in Mechanicsburg. Under the leadership of a five-man executive committee, the Church of Our Saviour was organized in 1892; the parish saw its first church building completed in the following year, The first priest was F.V. Baer, and by the end of the 1890s, the members had bought an additional lot and were preparing to build a new rectory upon it. Although the early members remained loyal to their church, it was frequently weakened by deaths and movement away from the community in its early years. Nevertheless, the parish remained active, and its presence was welcomed by Mechanicsburgs other churches; within its first quarter-century of existence, the members formed an active Sunday school and founded multiple organizations for the female members.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1893, Architecturally, it is not unique; three of Mechanicsburg&#39;s five historic church buildings were constructed in the 1890s, and four of the five are brick buildings with stained-glass ogive windows.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>The Church of Our Saviour was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It was part of a multiple property submission of approximately twenty buildings, scattered throughout the village in such a low concentration that a historic district designation was not practical. While many of the other buildings were houses, four were the villages other historic churches: the Mechanicsburg Baptist Church, St. Michaels Catholic Church, the Second Baptist Church, and the United Methodist Church. Like all four of the others, the Church of Our Saviour qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its historically significant architecture.</p><br>
<p>A member parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the Church of Our Saviour is within the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Southern Ohio. It forms a part of the Northwest Deanery, along with the Church of the Epiphany and four other parishes. Together with the Church of the Epiphany, it forms the "Northern Miami Valley Episcopal Cluster&quot the two parishes share a priest.</p><br>
<p>The Mechanicsburg Baptist Church is a historic church in the village of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, United States. Constructed for a Methodist congregation in the late nineteenth century, the building was taken over by Baptists after the original occupants vacated it, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Organic history</h2><br>
<h3>Methodist Protestant</h3><br>
<p>The first settlers in Goshen Township arrived circa 1805, and Mechanicsburg was platted on 6 August 1814. Organized religion was rare in the earliest years; the first churches were established by circuit-riding preachers from the Methodist Episcopal Church, who founded small religious classes that met in settlers log cabins. Mechanicsburgs first church was a Methodist congregation organized in 1814, and by the 1880s the village boasted four additional churches: Baptist, black Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal, and Methodist Protestant.</p><br>
<p>Mechanicsburgs Methodist Protestant church was organized on February 13, 1853, following a directive by the denominations Ohio Conference from the previous September. Under the initial leadership of S.P. Kezerta, the fledgling church had a charter membership of ninety-two individuals.</p><br>
<h3>Baptist</h3><br>
<p>Baptists settled in Champaign County very early in its history; many of the countys leading citizens followed the faith, and Kingscreek Baptist Church in Salem Township, founded in 1805, was the third Baptist church to be established anywhere in the state. In the countys early years, all of its numerous Baptist churches were found in the countryside, so in 1840 the Ohio Baptist Convention began to make efforts to plant churches in the villages. One such society arose in Mechanicsburg in the same year; known as Goshen Baptist Church for its first seven years, the church constructed its first church building on Locust Street in 1846. Resources were scarce in the early years, and the resulting building was small, but subsequent growth saw the membership rise to 106 by 1864. From this time forward, the congregation again declined; soon after the death of a prominent member in 1872, the building was sold with the goal of building a better one, but a better one was not built, and membership dropped to 38 by 1883. Most of the members left to form another Baptist church in that year, and the five remaining members deeded the congregation&#39;s property to the Ohio Baptist Convention when the congregation closed. The current occupants of the property are unrelated to the previous Baptist churches.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Mechanicsburg Baptist Church is a brick building resting on a stone foundation and covered with a slate roof. Built in the Gothic Revival style, this single-story building possesses architectural features such as decorative elements on the gabled roof, corbelled brickwork, a tower with belfry on the primary corner, and stained-glass windows trimmed with stone. Inside, the church is divided into multiple Sunday school classrooms, a kitchen and dining area, a basement, and a side chapel, in addition to the sanctuary; when completed, the church was equipped with a grand pipe organ and piano and could seat approximately one thousand worshippers, even though the entire population of the village was only twice that number. A prominent component of the interior is a large white marble tablet inscribed with numerous names; many early members of the Methodist Protestant congregation gave substantial sums of money to the church, and their names were remembered by placement on this large stone.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>In 1985, the Mechanicsburg Baptist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Four other Mechanicsburg churches — St. Michael&#39;s Catholic Church, Second Baptist Church, the Episcopal Church of Our Saviour, and the United Methodist Church — were listed on the National Register at the same time.</p><br>
<p>Monte Reale is a mountain of the Ligurian Apennines. It is located in the Province of Genoa along the watershed between the basin of the Scrivia Torrent and that of the Vobbia, its tributary to the right. It is situated in the more western part of the Regional Natural Park of Antola and flows into the municipal territories of Ronco Scrivia and Isola del Cantone.</p><br>
<h2>Description and historical notes</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the mountain during the Middle Ages was occupied by a castle, which has vanished today. In its place is now found a sanctuary dedicated to the Madonna of Loreto, built between 1858 and 1868. Attached to the religious structure there is a small shelter present, which is always open and equipped with 8 bed stations. A rural cableway on the Scrivia side it utilized in case of the need to transport materials. Its relatively modest altitude notwithstanding, Monte Reale is, thanks to its isolated position and distance from taller mountains, an exceptional panoramic point. On clear days, the range may be observed from the forts of Genoa to the Maritime Alps and from Monte Rosa to the Adamello, and it may be seen as far as Corsica.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Monte Reale may be easily accessed from Ronco Scrivia by following an itinerary which, departing from the railway station, transits through the hamlet of Cascine. Another path instead follows the Vobbia-Scrivia watershed departing from the small center of Minceto.</p><br>
<p>A free mountain hut all-year open is located next to the church.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The mountain since 1989 is included in the Parco naturale regionale dell&#39;Antola.</p><br>
<p>Monte Reixa is a mountain in Liguria, northern Italy, part of the Ligurian Appennines.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain stands on the Adriatic / Ligurian drainage divide between Passo del Faiallo and Monte Beigua. It is located between the provinces of Genova and Savona, in Liguria, and represents the tripoint where the municipalities of Sassello, Arenzano and Genova meet. From its northern slopes rises the Orba, a relevant stream of Tanaro basin.</p><br>
<h2>Nature conservation</h2><br>
<p>Monte Reixa belongs to the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua (Beigua Natural Regional Park).</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is easily accessible by signposed traks departing from Passo del Faiallo or Voltri.</p><br>
<p>The Alta Via dei Monti Liguri, a long-distance trail from Ventimiglia (province of Imperia) to Bolano (province of La Spezia), passes very close to the mountain&#39;s summit.</p><br>
<p>Ronco di Maglio is a mountain in Liguria, northern Italy, part of the Ligurian Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located near the centre of the Provincia di Savona, between the comuni (municipalities) of Osiglia and Bormida, and is one of the highest of the Ligurian Prealps. It stands on the ridge dividing two valleys belonging to the Bormida watershed, Osiglia valley (west) and Pallare valley. Going South a saddle at 858 metes divides it from Bric della Croce (911 m), while northwards the ridge lowers and ends up between Plodio and Millesimo. Near the summit can be seen a few pine trees remaining from a thick coniferous wood which used to grow in there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around the mountain top some remains of napoleonic trenches can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>Ronco di Maglio can be ascended by various waymarked foothpats; among them can be reminded the one starting from Colla Baltera (794 m) which, passing through Bric della Croce, reaches the summit from South. The mountain is also accessible by mountain bike. The mountain top is wooded and almost flat; on its highest point stands a cairn with a summit register.</p><br>
<h2>Nature conservation</h2><br>
<p>The mountain and its surrounding area are part of a SIC (Site of Community Importance) called Ronco di Maglio (code: IT1322216).</p><br>
<p>Monte Saccarello  or Mont Saccarel  is a mountain located on the French-Italian border between Liguria, Piemonte and Provence-Alpes-Côte d&#39;Azur.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain up to World War II was totally belonging to Italy but, following the Paris Peace Treaties, signed on February 1947, is now shared between Italy and France.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain belongs to the Ligurian Alps; located on the main chain of the Alps, is the maximum elevation in the Italian region of Liguria.</p><br>
<p>On a sub-peak of the mountain stands a huge bronze statue of Jesus Christ built in 1901.</p><br>
<p>From its north-eastern slopes rises the Tanaro.</p><br>
<h3>SOIUSA classification</h3><br>
<p>According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=South Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Ligurian Alps</p><br>
<p>subsection=Alpi del Marguareis</p><br>
<p>supergroup=Catena del Saccarello</p><br>
<p>group=Gruppo del Monte Saccarello</p><br>
<p>subgroup=Nodo del Monte Saccarello</p><br>
<p>code=I/A-1.II-A.1.a</p><br>
<h3>Environment</h3><br>
<p>The eastern side of the mountain is gentle and grassy while the western one is a rocky and very steep.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is accessible by mountain paths and is reached by the Alta Via dei Monti Liguri, a long-distance trail from Ventimiglia (province of Imperia) to Bolano (province of La Spezia).</p><br>
<h2>Mountain huts</h2><br>
<p>Rifugio Sanremo (2,054 m)</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Ligurian side of the mountain since 2007 is included in the Parco naturale regionale delle Alpi Liguri.</p><br>
<p>Monte Settepani is a mountain in Liguria, northern Italy, part of the Ligurian Alps.</p><br>
<h2>SOIUSA classification</h2><br>
<p>According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=South Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Ligurian Alps</p><br>
<p>subsection=Prealpi Liguri</p><br>
<p>supergroup=Catena Settepani-Carmo-Armetta</p><br>
<p>group=Gruppo del Monte Settepani</p><br>
<p>subgroup=Costiera del Monte Settepani</p><br>
<p>code=I/A-1.I-A.1.b</p><br>
<h2>Nature conservation</h2><br>
<p>The mountain and its surrounding area are part of a SIC (Site of Community Importance) called M.Carmo - M.Settepanio (code: IT1323112).</p><br>
<p>Gramvousa also Grampousa  refers to two small uninhabited islands off the coast of north-western Crete in the regional unit of Chania. They are administered from the municipality of Kissamos.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>Imeri Gramvousa (Ήμερη Γραμβούσα), which translates to Tame Gramvousa, hosts the remains of a Venetian fort and the remains of buildings left behind by Cretan insurgents, who were compelled to live as pirates during the Greek War of Independence. Today, Imeri Gramvousa is a popular tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>Agria Gramvousa (Άγρια Γραμβούσα), which translates to Wild Gramvousa, is much less hospitable and is located due north of Imeri Gramvousa. It has also been named False Gramvousa.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times the larger island was known as Korykos, which means leather bag. The island was name "Gramvousa" in honour of Vousa, the wife of a pirate chief and the only inhabitant of the island to evade capture when the pirates were forcibly removed.</p><br>
<h2>Ottoman–Venetian Wars</h2><br>
<p>The fort at Imeri Gramvousa was built between 1579 and 1584 during Venetian rule over Crete to defend the island from the Ottoman Turks. The fort remained in Venetian hands throughout the prolonged Cretan War, and in the treaty of 16 September 1669, which surrendered Crete to the Ottomans, Gramvousa, along with the fortresses of Souda and Spinalonga, was retained by Venice. These three forts defended Venetian trade routes and were also strategic bases in the event of a new Ottoman–Venetian war for Crete.</p><br>
<p>On 6 December 1691, during the Morean War (another Ottoman–Venetian war), the Neapolitan Captain de la Giocca betrayed the Venetians by surrendering Gramvousa to the Ottoman Turks for a generous bribe. He lived the rest of his life in Constantinople and was well known by the nickname "Captain Grambousas".</p><br>
<h2>Greek War of Independence</h2><br>
<p>With the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, the fort fell to the insurgents hands. In 1823, Emmanouil Tombazis, the Greek provisional governments commissioner for Crete, failed to strengthen the defences at Gramvousa when he had the opportunity, soon after his arrival on the island.</p><br>
<p>Towards the summer of 1825, a body of three to four hundred Cretans, who had fought with other Greeks in the Peloponnese, journeyed to Crete. On 9 August 1825, led by Dimitrios Kallergis and Emmanouil Antoniadis, this group of Cretans, disguised as Turks, captured the fort at Gramvousa, which became their base. These and subsequent actions revitalized the Cretan insurgency, ushering the so-called "Gramvousa period".</p><br>
<p>Although the Ottomans did not manage to retake the fort, they were successful in blocking the spread of the insurgency to the islands&#39; western provinces. The insurgents were besieged in Gramvousa for more than two years and they had to resort to piracy to survive. Gramvousa became a hive of piratical activity that greatly affected Turkish-Egyptian and European shipping in the region. During that period the population of Gramvousa became organised and they built a school and a church. The church was called Panagia i Kleftrina and was dedicated to the wives of the klephts, namely the pirates.</p><br>
<p>In 1828, the new Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, sent Alexander Mavrocordatos with British and French ships to Crete to deal with the pirates. This expedition resulted in the destruction of all pirate ships at Gramvousa and the fort came under British control. On 5 January 1828, on Kapodistrias&#39; orders Hatzimichalis Dalianis landed at Gramvousa with 700 men.</p><br>
<p>During the Cretan revolt of 1878, only the forts at Gramvousa, Ierapetra, Spinalonga, Heraklion, Rethymnon, Izeddin, Hania, and Kissamos could not be captured by the insurgents because they did not have the necessary artillery.</p><br>
<h2>Balos Lagoon</h2><br>
<p>There is a lagoon, named the Balos lagoon, between the island and the coast of Crete. There is an islet which forms part of a cape, through the lagoon, called Cape Tigani (which means "frying pan" in Greek). North of Balos, at the Korykon cape, are the ruins of the small ancient Roman city of Agnion, with a temple to the god Apollo.</p><br>
<p>The W. C. Baker House is an airplane bungalow located at 301 E. Commerce in the city of Altus, Oklahoma. The house was built in 1917 for the sister of William Clarence Baker; however, Baker bought the house shortly afterward. Baker owned a local machine shop and cotton gin, and he served on Altus original city council. The house has a typical airplane bungalow plan with a small second story above a low, multi-component first-floor roof, a design reminiscent of an airplanes cockpit. The house&#39;s design also includes many characteristic features of the Craftsman style, including overhanging eaves and exposed rafter tails. The porch features battered columns supporting its roof and decorative stickwork in its gable, both of which are typical Craftsman elements.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 16, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Jischke&#39;s Meat Market is a historic building located at 414 Maple Dr. in Sister Bay, Wisconsin. Built in 1902, the building was originally a butcher shop run by Frank Jischke and his son M. J. The Jischkes were German immigrants who settled in Door County in 1892; they originally lived in Ephraim and later moved to Sister Bay. In addition to his work at the butcher shop, M. J. Jischke was a prominent citizen in Sister Bay who served as constable and postmaster.</p><br>
<p>The store is currently occupied by a bed and breakfast called the Inn on Maple. The inn uses the market as a gift shop and common area and has rooms in the Jischke&#39;s second floor living space.</p><br>
<p>The store was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 11, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa State Fairgrounds is located on the east side of Des Moines, Iowa. It annually hosts the Iowa State Fair in late summer. The state fair was begun in Iowa in 1854 and the current fairgrounds were established in 1886. The fairgrounds were listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 as the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Iowa State Fair was held in a different community every two years after it was first established. The first fair was held in Fairfield in 1854. The other towns that hosted the fair included Muscatine, Oskaloosa, Iowa City, Dubuque, Burlington, Clinton, Keokuk and Cedar Rapids. The state fair moved to Des Moines permanently in 1878. The fairgrounds were initially located on the west side of the city between 38th Street on the east, 42nd Street on the west, Center Street on the north and Grand Avenue on the south. In 1886 the fairgrounds were moved to the east side of town on University Avenue. The property had previously been the Calvin Thornton Farmstead. The original house and barn are still on the fairground’s property. Other structures from the farm survived into the late 1940s when they were torn down.</p><br>
<p>In 1886 the Iowa Legislature and the city of Des Moines appropriated funds and the first buildings were built. They were frame buildings that used boards and battens as exterior wall covering. They were mostly single-story structures that were built quickly and under a tight budget. Because they were poorly built they were constantly in need of repair. However, the buildings lasted into the early 20th century when they began to be replaced or expanded. Pioneer Hall remains from this period. The streets within the fairgrounds followed the same basic pattern as they do today, although they were unpaved and without curbing or gutters in the early years. A street lighting system was put in about 1890 when oil lamps were added. The following year 500 electric lights were installed on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The new buildings built in the early 20th-century were steel frame structures covered in red brick. They included a new Livestock Pavilion that was built in 1902, Agriculture Building (1904), Administration Building (1908). A new race track and grandstand were built in 1909 and the Varied Industries Building was built in 1911. Some of the frame buildings from 1886 were moved to a different location and continued to be used. A sewer system was added at this time. The streets remained unpaved, but curbing had been added. They were also oiled to control the dust and cinders were spread to improve their durability. A park triangle had been established at the intersection of Grand and Rock Island Avenues by 1920.</p><br>
<p>By 1942 when the United States Army leased the fairgrounds for a storage depot for the Air Corps there were only minimal changes to the fairgrounds. The livestock buildings had been enlarged. Running water had been installed, bath and shower houses had been built at the campgrounds and restrooms were placed throughout the fairgrounds. Street pavement began in the 1930s and both brick and concrete sidewalks were added. Storm sewers were a Works Progress Administration project in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Since the end of World War II most of the buildings have been pole barn structures, although the exteriors, for the most part, are still covered in brick. Older buildings from around Iowa have been added to the fairgrounds in the 1960s and 1970s and are known as Heritage Village. Some of the buildings in the village are also those built on the fairgrounds in 1886.</p><br>
<h2>Fairgrounds today</h2><br>
<p>The fairgrounds are composed of 435 acre, of which 275 acre are devoted to the fair proper and about 160 acre are campground. The grounds are organized with activities grouped into departmental areas. The livestock departments such as cattle, horses, sheep and poultry are on the south near where the railroad tracks are located. The plant departments, which includes cash crops, fruits and floral are located in the center. The amusement area with the midway and race track/grandstand is in the northeast section of the fairgrounds. The machinery department is in the west and the campgrounds are in the east. There is also a street plan based on a T-shaped road arrangement. The east/west artery is Grand Avenue, also called the Grand Concourse, and the north/south artery is Rock Island Avenue. The eastern portion of the fairgrounds is hilly while the western portion is flat.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the annual state fair the fairgrounds also hosts auto shows, livestock exhibitions, flea markets, antique shows, concerts, trade shows and other events.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Tabor Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church building located along State Route 245 near West Liberty in Salem Township, Champaign County, Ohio, United States. Built in 1881 in the Gothic Revival style of architecture, it served a congregation formed in the 1810s. This congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church worshipped in at least three different buildings before its closure.</p><br>
<h2>Organic history</h2><br>
<p>Methodism was established in Salem Township in 1814, and the congregation&#39;s first church building, a log structure, was constructed in 1816. Beginning in that year and continuing for several more years, significant camp meetings were held at the church. Among those who attended these meetings was Simon Kenton, who seems to have been present for a meeting in 1820. In attendance for an 1818 meeting was John W. Ogden, then a six-year-old boy; reminiscing sixty years later, he wrote:</p><br>
<h2>Architectural history</h2><br>
<p>Among the leading members of Mount Tabor church in its earliest years was the family of Nathaniel and Ann Hunter; natives of Greenbrier County, Virginia, they relocated to Salem Township in 1814. When the first church building was erected in 1816, Nathaniel and his four sons contributed greatly to the construction effort, and they were equally generous in the later construction of two successive brick structures at the site. Built in 1881, the final structure was a Gothic Revival church built primarily of brick on a stone foundation, topped with a slate roof, and ornamented with wooden elements. Like many other committed members of the church, this family — parents, all four sons, and all five daughters — is all buried at the adjacent cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>From the Mount Tabor societys earliest years, members buried their dead near the site of the present church. The earliest recorded burial on the site of the churchs cemetery is that of a child who died in 1811; at that time, there were no plans to use the ground for religious purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1995, the Mount Tabor Methodist Episcopal Church, its cemetery, and an associated hitching lot were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places, due primarily to their architectural significance. This designation is unusual, for both religious properties and cemeteries must pass higher standards than most other properties to be eligible for inclusion on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Second Baptist Church is a historic church building in the village of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the mid-19th century, it is the oldest church in the village, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Congregational history</h2><br>
<p>Mechanicsburg was platted in 1814, and the town grew rapidly in wealth and population. By 1840, the value of real property in the village had surpassed ten thousand dollars, and another forty years saw its value pass one-third of a million dollars. The population likewise grew from 99 in 1830 to 258 in 1840, 682 in 1850, and 1,522 in 1880. From its early years, Mechanicsburg was a multi-racial community; one black resident was recorded in the 1830, and after growing gradually to 53 by 1870, the black population jumped to 209 in 1880.</p><br>
<p>By the 1880s, Mechanicsburg&#39;s black population was large enough to support two separate churches: a Baptist congregation and a congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. only the Baptist congregation survives of the two; it uses the name "Second Baptist Church", as a white Baptist congregation had been founded in 1840. In 1917, the membership of the congregation and of its Sunday school were recorded as seventy and fifty respectively; in its first forty-five years, the congregation was served by fourteen pastors.</p><br>
<h2>Church building</h2><br>
<p>The first religious organization anywhere in Goshen Township was formed by Methodist missionaries. Although the Mechanicsburg Methodist Episcopal Churchs membership was small in the earliest years, it grew rapidly as a result of numerous revival meetings, which saw many people converted to Christianity under the preaching of men such as pioneer bishop Francis Asbury. Between 1814 and 1839, they occupied three small church buildings in Mechanicsburg, and growth prompted them to erect a larger brick structure in 1858; they chose a lot that had been used as the villages first cemetery until another cemetery was opened and the bodies were moved to the new location. As the membership approached four hundred by the late 1870s, a thorough renovation project was completed. Nevertheless, growth continued, and an even larger church building was constructed in 1904 several blocks north of the previous one. Accordingly, the congregation sold the old brick edifice to the Second Baptist Church for $2,850, which continued to improve the structure; in 1917, a local author stated that "It is nicely decorated on the interior and is fitted with electric lights." Historically, the church boasted a peaked belfry above its entrance. This structure was cut down in 1936 following a fire at the Culbertson Buggy Works, next door to the church, which was catastrophic enough that the tower was damaged. The church&#39;s original bell was removed as a result of the fire and placed in the village school, although in return the smaller school bell was given to the church.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick with elements of stone, this two-story building is Mechanicsburg&#39;s oldest standing church building.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Second Baptist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It was part of a multiple property submission of approximately twenty buildings, scattered throughout the village in such a low concentration that a historic district designation was not practical. While many of the other twenty Mechanicsburg buildings were houses, four were the villages other historic churches: the Mechanicsburg Baptist Church (formerly Methodist Protestant), St. Michaels Catholic Church, the Church of Our Saviour (Episcopalian), and the 1904-completed Methodist church building. Like all four of the others, the Second Baptist Church qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its historically significant architecture, and it also was deemed important because of the place that it had played in Ohio&#39;s history. Its historic status was further recognized in 2005, when the Ohio Historical Society placed a historical marker for the church along Main Street. The early twenty-first century also saw restoration work performed on the building by the Champaign County Preservation Alliance, which by that point owned the property.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s Catholic Church is a historic Catholic church in Mechanicsburg, a village in Champaign County, Ohio, United States. Completed in the 1880s, it served a group of Catholics who had already been meeting together for nearly thirty years. One of several historic churches in the village, it has been designated a historic site because of its well-preserved nineteenth-century architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Organic history</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers in Goshen Township arrived circa 1805, and Mechanicsburg was platted on 6 August 1814. Organized religion was rare in the earliest years; the first churches were established by circuit-riding preachers from the Methodist Episcopal Church, who founded small religious classes that met in settlers log cabins. Mechanicsburgs first church was a Methodist congregation organized in 1814, and by the 1880s the village boasted four Protestant churches: Baptist, black Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal, and Methodist Protestant.</p><br>
<p>Champaign Countys earliest Catholics were Irish immigrants, who came to the county seat of Urbana in the 1840s and 1850s as railroad laborers. Viewed with suspicion by their neighbors both because of their nationality and their religion, they received the sacraments only occasionally from travelling priests before the establishment of St. Marys Church in 1853. Mechanicsburgs first Catholic families, who were also largely Irish, worshipped at St. Marys or in nearby Rosedale; occasional Masses were said in Mechanicsburg by travelling priests until the congregation was attached to Our Lady of Lourdes parish in Marysville in 1872.</p><br>
<p>Mass was first celebrated in Mechanicsburg in 1859, the parish was canonically erected in 1865, and it gained a more permanent organization in 1880. By the end of the 1880s, the parish had witnessed the completion of its church building on Walnut Street. In its earlier decades, the membership included many families who lived in the countryside surrounding Mechanicsburg, and the members&#39; devotion to their church prompted a local author to declare them "extremely faithful in attendance on its services". The parish obtained a rectory in October 1904; a woman who lived on Walnut Street died in that month, and her will included a provision donating her house for use as a rectory. By 1917, the membership consisted of 38 families comprising 135 individuals. The parish operated a Sunday school and multiple small groups for various activities, including a branch of the Society of the Holy Name.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Construction on St. Michael&#39;s Church began in 1885. After approximately $5,000 had been spent to complete it, the building was dedicated on Thanksgiving Day 1886 by William Henry Elder, the Archbishop of Cincinnati. Built of brick on a brick foundation and highlighted with stone elements, the church is a three-story building with a composite roof that rises in a gable. Numerous details produce a distinctive Gothic Revival appearance, including the ogive-arched windows and their stone hood molds and the arched bay surrounding the entrance and transom. When these elements combine with non-Gothic components such as the steeple and the brackets under the cornice, the result is an architectural landmark in a street otherwise filled with houses. Its style is comparable to that of several other Gothic Revival churches in Mechanicsburg that were built in the late nineteenth century, despite a remodelling project conducted in 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>St. Michaels Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It was part of a multiple property submission of approximately twenty buildings, scattered throughout the village in such a low concentration that a historic district designation was not practical. While many of the other twenty Mechanicsburg buildings were houses, four were the villages other historic churches: the Mechanicsburg Baptist Church, the Church of Our Saviour (Episcopalian), the Second Baptist Church, and the United Methodist Church. Like all four of the others, St. Michael&#39;s Church qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its historically significant architecture.</p><br>
<p>Today, St. Michaels is an active parish of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. Along with Champaign Countys other Catholic churches — St. Mary&#39;s in Urbana, Sacred Heart in St. Paris, and Immaculate Conception in North Lewisburg — it is a part of the Springfield Deanery.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church in Urbana, Ohio, United States. Built in the Greek Revival style in 1876, it is home to a congregation that was founded in the mid-1820s.</p><br>
<h2>Congregational history</h2><br>
<p>Among Urbanas first black residents were a few individuals that had been members of African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) churches in the East. In 1824 or 1825, A.M.E. missionary Moses Freeman visited Urbana while travelling through the then-western part of the United States; here he met the former members of his denomination and officially organized them as a congregation. Eight individuals composed the charter membership. In the earliest years, members worshipped in each others homes, as finances were insufficient to build a house of worship.</p><br>
<p>Once the church was strong enough to erect a building, they built a small log structure. Growth soon caused this church to become too small for the number of worshippers; it was destroyed in 1844 and a larger brick church erected in its place by the members of the congregation. In turn, this church also became too small, and the members began to build a replacement in 1866.</p><br>
<p>Among the churchs leading ministers have been Jerry Thompson and Benjamin W. Arnett. Although illiterate, Thompson was a powerful preacher who was known for his fervent sermons; he pastored in the churchs earliest years. Arnett took charge of the congregation in 1876. As well as serving at St. Pauls, he ministered at A.M.E. churches in Cincinnati, Columbus, and Toledo, but he became most prominent in the years after his pastorate in Urbana. While a state representative from Greene County in 1886, he pioneered efforts to repeal Ohios black codes.</p><br>
<p>Today, St. Paul&#39;s continues as an active congregation of the A.M.E. Church.</p><br>
<h2>Church building</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the present church building was a long process: work began in 1866, but the structure was not completed until after Benjamin Arnett&#39;s 1876 installation as the pastor. This house of worship is primarily a masonry structure: its foundation is brick, and its walls are built of brick covered with stucco. It is covered with an asphalt roof that rises to a gable, and many windows of multiple panes illuminate the interior.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, St. Paul&#39;s Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, both because of its contribution to local history and because of its historic architecture.</p><br>
<p>Mechanicsburg United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist congregation in the village of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, United States. Founded in the early nineteenth century, it is the oldest church in the village, and as such it has played a part in the histories of other Mechanicsburg churches. Its fifth and present church, a Gothic Revival-style structure erected in the 1890s, has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Organic history</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers in Goshen Township arrived circa 1805, and Mechanicsburg was platted on 6 August 1814. Organized religion was rare in the earliest years; the first churches were established by circuit-riding preachers from the Methodist Episcopal Church, who founded small religious classes that met in settlers log cabins. The Methodists formed Mechanicsburgs first church in 1814, and its members soon constructed a small log church building. In its early years, the church&#39;s membership benefited from successful camp meetings, each of which saw over a hundred people profess Christianity for the first time. The original church building was abandoned in 1819 when a much larger frame church was constructed a short distance to the east, and this building in turn was replaced in 1839 by a brick church building on the same site. This structure was abandoned after yet another one was erected in the village of Mechanicsburg in 1858.</p><br>
<p>A split weakened the Mechanicsburg church in 1853. The village had developed a reputation as a "black abolition hole" among those pursuing the many runaway slaves who passed through on the Underground Railroad, and slavery-related turmoil in the national church disturbed many of the village&#39;s Methodists. Seeing an opportunity for growth, the Ohio Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church sent a minister who gathered a number of abolitionist Methodist families into a new congregation of his denomination. By the 1880s, there were five Protestant churches in the village: the aforementioned Methodist congregations, and one each of the Baptist, the black Baptist, and the African Methodist Episcopal faiths. Their membership was recorded at 384 in 1917. At the merger of The Methodist Church with the Evangelical United Brethren in 1968, the denomination became known as the United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The present church building is a brick Gothic Revival structure with a stone foundation. Two stories tall, it features decorative elements such as stained glass in all of the windows, stone trim around the entrance and the windows, a belfry atop a massive tower at the front, and a central dome. The sanctuary is located on the second story of the building, while the first story is divided into multiple Sunday school classrooms. Between labor, the lot, and materials, the congregation paid over $28,000 for construction. The resulting building is typical of the period; like the buildings that other Mechanicsburg churches built around the same time, it reflects the Gothic Revival style that was popular for ecclesiastical architecture during the late nineteenth century. As a result of their sizes and designs, the villages churches are the most prominent components of the built environment, and because of its location on Main Street, the Methodist Church becomes even more of a landmark than would otherwise be caused by its place as the largest of the villages churches.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Mechanicsburg United Methodist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It was part of a multiple property submission of approximately twenty buildings, scattered throughout the village in such a low concentration that a historic district designation was not practical. While many of the other twenty Mechanicsburg buildings were houses, four were the villages other historic churches: the Mechanicsburg Baptist Church (formerly Methodist Protestant), St. Michaels Catholic Church, the Church of Our Saviour (Episcopalian), and Second Baptist Church. Like all four of the others, the United Methodist Church qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its historically significant architecture. Its historic status was further recognized in 2006, when the Ohio Historical Society placed a historical marker for the church along Main Street.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Mechanicsburg United Methodist Church was a component of the Miami Valley District in the West Ohio Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church. In contrast to the hundreds of members in past generations, its average worship attendance by that time was just ninety-six.</p><br>
<p>The Green Plain Monthly Meetinghouse is a historic former Quaker house of worship near South Charleston in Clark County, Ohio, United States. Built in 1843,</p><br>
<p>Built of brick, the Green Plain Monthly Meetinghouse is a Greek Revival building; in line with the simple habits of its builders, the meetinghouse features few adornments. It has been virtually unchanged since its construction, still retaining original elements such as the structural separation between the mens side and the womens side of the interior.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the meetinghouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified because of its historically significant architecture: few so well-preserved and little-changed Quaker meetinghouses remain in this region of Ohio, so it permits a nearly unparalleled view of the lives of some early Ohioans. Included in the historic designation was the monthly meeting&#39;s cemetery, which has stones with death dates as far back as 1843.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Evangelical Lutheran Church is a historic Lutheran church in downtown Springfield, Ohio, United States. Founded as a German-speaking parish in Springfields early days, it grew rapidly during its first few decades, and its present large church building was constructed in the 1890s under the direction of one of Springfield&#39;s leading architects. The congregation remains in the landmark church building, which has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Springfields first Lutheran congregation was organized in May 1841, and a separate group of German Lutherans began meeting soon afterward. After a period of worshipping in the county courthouse and in various rented properties, the group was formally organized in 1845 with a charter membership of seventy-five. A number of short-tenured ministers served the congregation, with six in succession over forty years, but by the 1880s the congregations roll had approximately four hundred names, and its property was valued at $20,000. As the congregation continued to grow, the present church building was erected; the cornerstone was laid on November 3, 1895, and the finished building was consecrated on April 26, 1897. By 1908, the church property was valued at $50,000, and the membership had grown from four hundred individuals to four hundred and fifty families. This growth was accompanied by linguistic change: many members still worshipped in German, but English services had also begun by this time, facilitated by a minister who was fluent in both languages.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Charles A. Cregar, Although built primarily of brick, the walls also feature copious amounts of limestone and other types of stone. Asphalt is used for the roof, while the foundation is composed of a mix of sandstone and other types of stone. The main entrance is placed at the base of the tower, which features narrow arched windows on three stories below the tall louvering that shelters the belfry. Because the church sits on a street corner, two different sides of the building include massive gabled sections, each rising above groups of small windows. The building&#39;s two largest windows are found in these gables; both are far taller and broader than any door and any other window in the structure.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>St. Johns remains an active congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, conducting activities such as ministry to the poor, inter-church events, and day care service out of its 1897 church building. In 2006, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of six Cregar-designed buildings listed on the Register, along with St. Josephs Catholic Church, the former Arcade Hotel, the former Municipal Building, the former Third Presbyterian Church, and St. Raphael&#39;s Catholic Church.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Church is a historic Catholic church in the city of Springfield, Ohio, United States. Established in the 1880s to serve southeastern Springfields growing Catholic population, it uses a tall Romanesque Revival church building, which was designed by a leading city architect; the building has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>As late as 1830, not a single Catholic was resident in Clark County, but twenty Catholic families moved to Springfield between 1835 and 1845, and by 1850 there were approximately seventy Catholic families in the city. In 1849, the Bishop of Cincinnati created Springfields first parish, Saint Raphael. By the 1880s, large numbers of Catholics were living on Springfields southeastern side, and preparations for a separate parish began with the purchase of three lots of land in 1881. A parish school building was begun in 1882, and the new Church of St. Joseph was created a separate parish in the same year. By late 1883, the school was open, and C.M. Berding was appointed the first parish priest on New Year&#39;s Day 1884. During his ministry, construction began on the present building in 1892; extensive debt was taken on, but the work of Berding and his two successors saw the building raised to architectural grandeur and the debt reduced to nearly nothing. By 1908, the parish comprised four hundred member families, and the school enrolled approximately four hundred and fifty children.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Josephs is a tall Gothic Revival structure crowned by a prominent spire atop its bell tower. Built of brick on an uncollected foundation, the building is decorated with elements of brick and stone. The facade is divided into three bays, with the middle protruding slightly from the side bays. Entrances are placed in each bay, with a large pointed-arch window above the central entrance and three smaller such windows above the side. Polygonal engaged columns are placed on the corners, rising to small pointed towers above the edge of the steep roof. Many of the buildings windows are filled with stained glass. Construction was financed by loans; between the borrowed money and interest on the loans, the parish spent $76,000 to build their church and school. The architect was Charles A. Cregar, one of the most prominent architects in Springfields history. By the time he was chosen for St. Josephs Church, Cregar had established himself as a Romanesque Revival architect, due to his designs for buildings such as the city hall; while St. Joseph&#39;s Church is generally a Romanesque Revival structure, due to elements such as apparent machicolations, the windows and the high steeple demonstrate Gothic Revival influences.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>St. Josephs remains an active part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati, but no longer as a separate parish: St. Raphaels and St. Josephs have been combined into a single parish. The church building itself has received wide recognition: it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in early 1982, due to its historically significant architecture. It is one of six Cregar-designed buildings listed on the Register, along with the former city hall, St. Johns Evangelical Church, the former Arcade Hotel, St. Raphael&#39;s Church, and the former Third Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>Third Presbyterian Church is a historic former Presbyterian church building in Springfield, Ohio, United States. A Romanesque Revival building completed in 1894 along Limestone Street on the city&#39;s northern side,</p><br>
<h2>Congregational history</h2><br>
<p>Springfields first Presbyterian church was organized on July 17, 1819, and its second in 1860. Together, the two churches operated a mission Sunday school on the citys northern side, starting in late 1878. As the years passed, the two churches began to gain members in the northern neighborhoods, and the Dayton Presbytery organized these members as Third Presbyterian Church on May 11, 1891. With over one hundred charter members, the congregation soon began planning to erect their own house of worship; under the leadership of the Russell Brothers firm, construction took place during the last quarter of 1893, and the new building was dedicated on January 28, 1894. The congregation&#39;s first minister was George H. Fullerton. During his pastorate and that of the succeeding minister, the congregation grew greatly; by 1908, the membership had increased to 346.</p><br>
<p>As the years passed, Third Presbyterian changed its name to Northminster Presbyterian Church. Since that time, the church has moved to Villa Road on the city&#39;s outskirts, and the building has passed into the ownership of the Church of God Sanctified. A congregation of Fellowship Christian Church began worshipping in the building in early 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>One of Springfields most significant churches and among the most distinctive of all of its public buildings, Distinguishing it from all of Springfields other churches is its unusual clerestory and its unique octagonal onion dome. Among the most unusual elements of the dome is its hidden means of structural support: because no columns are present in the buildings interior upon which the dome can rest, it is apparent that the domes weight rests upon a collection of arches, which work together to distribute the domes weight. Architectural historians have understood the shape and support of Third Presbyterians dome as an indication that it was patterned after the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. It cannot be compared with domes in any other Cregar-designed buildings, for Third Presbyterian was the only building that he designed with a dome. Throughout the church&#39;s history, its exterior appearance has remained the same; no significant changes have ever been made to it.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, Third Presbyterian Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; it is one of four Springfield churches on the Register, along with St. Raphaels Catholic Church, St. Josephs Catholic Church, and St. John&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church, all of which were also designed by Cregar. It qualified for inclusion on the Register due to its historically significant architecture, which was deemed to be significant throughout Ohio; seen as the leading part of its architecture and thus of its historic significance was its unique octagonal onion dome.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church building in rural Clermont County, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1810s under the leadership of one of Ohio&#39;s earliest Methodist preachers, it has survived the death of its congregation, and it remains in use for community activities. Together with its cemetery, the building continues to be used occasionally, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pioneer minister at Bethel was New Jersey native John Collins, who migrated to the Northwest Territory in 1802; local legend asserts that he was the first Methodist Episcopal preacher in what has since become the Cincinnati metropolitan area, although Ohios oldest Methodist church was formed in a preachers house at Milford in 1797. Collins started Methodist classes throughout much of southern Ohio, including Bantam, Chillicothe, Dayton, Hillsboro, and Lebanon. When the congregation at Bantam was founded in 1805, the members named it "Bethel" and built a log church building, but the original structure remained for only a short time; the present church building replaced it in 1818. Substantial changes were made in 1867, although the core of the 1818 structure still stands.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Bethel is a simple vernacular building, a frame rectangular gable-front structure. Sitting atop the eastern end of the church is a square belfry. Built with weatherboarded walls, the church rests on a stone foundation. Its southern side is divided into four bays with twelve-over-twelve sash windows. Surrounding the building is the church graveyard; among its hundreds of burials are dozens of unknown soldiers and the grandparents of USA President Ulysses S. Grant, a Clermont County native.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1978, the former Bethel Methodist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and because of its connection to John Collins. Nearby lies another National Register-listed location, the Elk Lick Road Mound, an Indian mound constructed by peoples of the Adena culture.</p><br>
<p>Pansy Methodist Church is a historic church near the village of Clarksville in Clinton County, Ohio, United States. Built in 1885,</p><br>
<p>Built in 1885 and 1900 respectively, the church and school are a mix of architectural styles. Measuring approximately 28 by, the church is a Gothic Revival building with three ogive windows on each side; worshippers entered through a large front door in a Gothic arched doorway with a transom light. A small tower with a belfry sits atop the roof at the front of the church; it is decorated with ornate latticework. Nearby, the school measures 29 by; its Romanesque Revival style is evidenced by elements such as pilasters on the corners and decorative brickwork below the roofline. Both buildings are constructed of brick on stone foundations and feature slate roofs.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the church and school were designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to their historically significant architecture. Key to this designation was their place as a rare example of the nineteenth-century country church; they were seen as evoking a sense of historic rural Christianity in the region.</p><br>
<p>Brownella Cottage and Grace Episcopal Church and Rectory  is a historic church complex at S. Union and Walnut Streets in Galion, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The site is significant for its association with Bishop William Montgomery Brown, notable as the first bishop of his communion to be tried for heresy since the Reformation and "the first of any creed in America to be deposed for heretical teaching" (according to an obituary).</p><br>
<p>The complex includes:</p><br>
<p>the Brownella Cottage, built during 1885-1887 for Brown and his wife, Ella Scranton Bradford, which was the bishop&#39;s home until his death in 1937,</p><br>
<p>the bishops study, formerly St. Josephs Roman Catholic Church,</p><br>
<p>the Brownella carriage house,</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church, and</p><br>
<p>the rectory of the Grace Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The cottage at least was funded by Cleveland philanthropist Mary Scranton Bradford, "reflecting the Bradford wealth and high style of the 1880&#39;s architecture in the United States."</p><br>
<p>Some part of the complex was built in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The complex was added to the National Register in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are now owned by the Galion Historical Society. The 1887 Brownella Cottage features its original furnishings and is open for tours. The church is located across the street from the cottage and is available for events.</p><br>
<p>Monnett Memorial M. E. Chapel  is a historic church at 999 OH 98 in Bucyrus, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1901 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation traces its history back to 1828, when Issac Monnett held services in his own home. The original chapel was built in 1849 by Jeremiah Monnett, a relative of Mary Monnett Bain. It had between 12-17 members during the 1890s. That number dropped to 6 in the year prior to the completion of the new chapel.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the new building was begun in 1902. Its seating capacity was 300. It featured an organ-loft. It was built of blue limestone and the pulpit was oak. he new, heated chapel was dedicated August 28 1904 and featured a "Sunday School Room". It was built for $8,500. By 1908, its membership had grown to 53.</p><br>
<p>The Kitzbüheler Horn  is one of the most important mountains in the Kitzbühel Alps in Tyrol, Austria, whose eastern flank lies near the smart ski resort of Kitzbühel. With a height of it only just misses being a two-thousander.</p><br>
<p>At the summit is a 102 metre high TV tower belonging to the ORF and known as the Kitzbüheler Horn Transmission Tower (Sendeturm Kitzbüheler Horn).</p><br>
<p>The Harschbichl is a sub-peak to the north which is also accessible.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has several cable cars and gondola lifts and there is a panoramic toll road from Kitzbühel. There are also several mountain inns on its slopes. The so-called Alpenhaus (, 47&deg;28&prime;01&Prime;N latitude, 12&deg;25&prime;45&Prime;E longitude ) was in recent years the finish of the King Stage (Königsetappe) of the Tour of Austria cycle race. An Alpine flower garden (Alpenblumengarten) has been laid out at a height of 1800 m which, despite its name, has mountain plants from all over the world. Every year in August the International Kitzbühler Horn Race takes place. The route runs along the 7.4 km long toll road to the Alpenhaus. Its maximum incline in the closing stages is 22.4%. The record time to the Alpenhaus is held by Beat Bräu who completed the race in a time of 29:11 minutes.</p><br>
<p>Numerous lifts have been built to support winter sports in the ski region of the same name. On the side facing St. Johann there is a Sommerrodelbahn. There is a small mountain lake level with the half-way station on the cable car from the village.</p><br>
<p>Both peaks are heavily frequented, not just by hikers, but also by mountain bikers due to its good paths.</p><br>
<p>The Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands are a group of two principally freshwater swamps, totalling 261 hectare, lying in the suburbs of Aspendale, Edithvale, Chelsea Heights, and Seaford in south-eastern Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Together they form the Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands Ramsar Site. With the nearby Eastern Treatment Plant, they form the Carrum Wetlands Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The wetland group is divided into the northern Edithvale Wetland 103 hectare, and the southern Seaford Wetland 158 hectare, by the Patterson River and the Patterson Lakes housing development. They lie about 30 km south-east of Melbourne City Centre, close to the eastern shore of Port Phillip, between the coastal Nepean Highway to the west and the Frankston and Mornington Peninsula Freeways to the east, and are largely surrounded by houses and golf courses.</p><br>
<p>Both wetlands are seasonal floodplain systems deriving most of their water as runoff from their local catchments, the areas of which are no more than 500 ha each. They are mainly freshwater wetlands underlain by peat beds that limit the entry of saline groundwater. They are essential components of the regional drainage system in receiving, retaining and naturally treating stormwater and other surface runoff, thus protecting surrounding areas from flooding as well as helping to protect the water quality of Port Phillip. Hydrological management of the wetlands is aimed at enhancing their natural values and controlling the ingress of saline groundwater.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before European settlement of the area around Port Phillip in the mid-19th century, the historic Carrum Carrum Swamp stretched from what is now Mordialloc in the north to Frankston in the south. The 4000 ha swamp’s freshwater and brackish wetlands supported many animals and plants, including brolgas and magpie geese which are now locally extinct.</p><br>
<p>During the second half of the 19th century the swamp was progressively drained for farming. In 1879 the Patterson River, an artificial waterway, was cut through the swamp to the coast as part of the drainage program. The remaining wetland areas were retained to provide critical flood protection. They are the largest natural wetlands of their type left in the catchments of Port Phillip and Western Port.</p><br>
<h3>Ramsar listing</h3><br>
<p>The wetlands were listed on 29 August 2001 under the Ramsar Convention, as Ramsar site 1096, Australia’s 11th site, in recognition of their international importance, and specifically because they:</p><br>
<p>are the last remaining examples of the Carrum Carrum Swamp, containing a variety of permanent and seasonal, freshwater and saline wetlands,</p><br>
<p>support populations of the Australasian bittern, considered to be of state significance and threatened in Victoria, and</p><br>
<p>support more than 1% of the East Asian – Australasian Flyway population of sharp-tailed sandpipers (or over 2000 birds) in up to one year in three.</p><br>
<p>They are also considered to be of exceptional significance as examples of cost-effective management of wetlands in an urban setting to provide conservation benefits, manage storm water, and encourage environmental education and research.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Plants</h3><br>
<p>The wetlands contain 14 ecological vegetation types. Three of state significance are plains sedgey wetland, tall marsh dominated by common reeds, and brackish aquatic herbland. There are several regionally significant populations of plant species, such as southern water-ribbons, only previously known in the state from western Victoria; as well as one of state significance – the large river buttercup. A dryland vegetation association present, though degraded by invasive weeds, is river red gum dune woodland, a community that has not been recorded elsewhere in Victoria and is of high conservation significance.</p><br>
<h3>Animals</h3><br>
<p>At any one time, up to 7000 individual birds make the Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands their home. Some 190 species have been recorded, including many migratory waders. Species listed as protected under Victoria’s Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 are the great egret, Australasian bittern, Baillons crake, Lewins rail and the white-bellied sea eagle. There is also a population of eastern grey kangaroos.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Edithvale Wetland is managed by Melbourne Water, while the Seaford Wetland is jointly managed by Melbourne Water and the City of Frankston. Public amenities include a bird hide (blind) at the Edithvale Wetland with education displays, as well as walking and bicycle tracks around both wetlands for birdwatching. The bird hide is accessible from Edithvale Road, staffed by volunteers from the Friends of Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands, and open from 1300 to 1700 on Sundays.</p><br>
<p>The hide was closed in early 2010 due to structural problems.</p><br>
<p>It reopened in August 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra de Guara is a mountain massif in the province of Huesca, the most northerly province in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. Its highest point is Tozal de Guara .</p><br>
<p>It lies around 25km northeast of the city of Huesca itself. Much of the massif is now included within the Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park which extends 43km from west to east and 25km north to south. The Park includes, in addition to the Sierra de Guara itself, much of the Sierra de Gabardiella in the west and the Sierra de Arangol, Sierra de Balced, Sierra de Sebil and Sierra de Rufás in the east.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape features</h2><br>
<p>A number of rivers flow north-south through the area, the principal ones having their sources to the north of the massif and cut through the range by way of spectacular gorges such as those of the Rio Alcanadre, Rio Guatizalema, Rio Vero and Rio Isuala. Each of these rivers ultimately drain into the Ebro.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The massif is formed mainly from Palaeogene limestone and, on its southern edge, an overlying coarse sandstone of the Miocene age which is largely made up of conglomeratic rock.</p><br>
<h2>Towns and villages</h2><br>
<p>The area is sparsely populated with a number of abandoned villages within its interior. The villages of Alquézar and Rodellar have been reinvigorated in recent years by tourist development. To the northeast, outside of the natural park, lies the historic city of Ainsa and to the south lies Barbastro.</p><br>
<h2>Sport and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The area has become known in recent years for its considerable opportunities for canyoning due to its many gorges. Rock climbing and caving are also popular activities whilst others enjoy walking and wildlife-watching.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Christopher S. Best House and Office is a historic home located at Middleburgh in Schoharie County, New York. It is a two-story, flat roofed, frame Italianate dwelling built in 1884. It was enlarged and modified with a series of renovations between 1890 and 1912. It now houses a medical history museum. Also on the property are a frame carriage barn and garage.</p><br>
<p>As if awaiting the return of Dr. Best from a house call on his horse-drawn carriage, this Victorian home and medical office captures the elegance of the 1920s. Serving a small-town American community from 1884 to 1991, the Dr. Best collection echoes reminders of a quickly changing era. Civil War, railroad and telephone artifacts all reflect the character of this family of pioneers and visionaries. The expansive and unique collection includes thousands of bottles, automotive memorabilia, clothing and quilts, to name a few as well as the fully stocked kitchen and state-of-the-art medical equipment. The house is open for tours Memorial Day through Labor Day on Saturdays and Sundays, 12-4pm.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Southern New England Telephone Company Building is a historic high-rise office building at 55 Trumbull Street in Hartford, Connecticut. It is a twelve-story Art Deco building built in 1931 for the Southern New England Telephone Company, which occupied it into the 1990s. Now mainly residential, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Southern New England Telephone Company Building is located on the south side of downtown Hartford, at the northwest corner of Jewell and Trumbull Streets, overlooking Bushnell Park. It is twelve stories in height, faced with granite and limestone, and has Art Deco styling. The main facade faces Jewell Street, and is fifteen bays wide, organized in a 1-3-2-3-2-3-1 pattern articulated by piers that have Art Deco relief carvings at the base of the second story. The present main entrance is in the second grouping from the left, framed by a decorated rectangular surround.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by the architectural firm of Roy Foote, and its first six stories were completed in 1931. It was provisioned for enlargement at that time, and another six stories were added in 1952, designed by Westcott and Mapes to seamlessly integrated with the existing structure. The Southern New England Telephone Company, for many years Connecticut&#39;s major telephone service provider, housed offices and switching equipment in the building. The company was the first to introduce dial service, which began operation in Hartford in 1922. The company began moving out of the premises in the 1970s, and fully vacated it in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Old Hansen Planetarium at 15 South State Street in Salt Lake City, Utah has served many functions throughout its history. Originally built in 1904 as the Salt Lake City Public Library, the building was renovated in 1965 to become the Hansen Planetarium. After the planetarium closed and was replaced by the Clark Planetarium in 2003, the building was remodeled into the O.C. Tanner Company Headquarters, which opened in 2009. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Salt Lake City Public Library</h2><br>
<p>The first public library in Salt Lake City opened in 1898 and was located in the top floor of the Salt Lake City and County Building. After the library quickly outgrew the venue, the city began looking for a location to build a new library. A group of women called the Ladies Literary Society helped out by persuading the mining millionaire John Quackenbos Packard to donate land and money for the new building, which cost $100,000 at the time. The new library opened in 1905 with librarian Joanna Sprague, for whom the Sprague branch of the Salt Lake City Public Library system, also listed on the National Register of Historic Places,</p><br>
<p>When the building was constructed, it was described as a "combination of the Doric and Ionian styles of architecture", and would later be classified in the Beaux Arts style. It was designed by Hines and LaFarge of New York City, and the local supervising architect was Frederick A. Hale. The library was three stories tall with a two-story entrance pavilion constructed of oolite limestone and 20,000 ft2 of floor space. The roof was slightly flared, and the roofline was broken by a large carved stone gable with a center arched window and four decorated pilasters. The entrance pavilions sides were curved around the spiral staircases at both ends of the entrance foyer. The pavilion was divided into three sections by four columns; each bay contained oak double doors leading to the foyer. After going through the foyer, the main reading room is revealed. In the center of the room stood a librarians desk made of steel and topped by golden oak, the same finish of the interior of the entrance foyer. On the upper floor, the main auditorium contained seating for 350 people.</p><br>
<h2>Hansen Planetarium</h2><br>
<p>After the new library was constructed in 1964, Gail Plummer, professor of speech and drama at the University of Utah and chairman of the Salt Lake City Library board, expressed interest in converting the old library into a planetarium. Plummer had several conversations with Mrs. Beatrice M. Hansen, wife of the late George T. Hansen, in which Mrs. Hansen decided to fund the project. In 1965 she donated $400,000 to the city to build the planetarium in memory of her deceased husband. The Hansen Planetarium continued operation until April 2003, when it outgrew the building and was replaced by the Clark Planetarium in The Gateway.</p><br>
<p>When the Hansen Planetarium occupied the building, the center doors of the entrance pavilion were replaced by a large sheet of glass, and the center part of the steps was replaced with a fountain. A mezzanine was added above the second floor in the entrance pavilion for exhibit in the planetarium. The same firm that did the original millwork for the 1904 building worked on these new additions. The local architect for the additions was Wesley Budd.</p><br>
<h2>O. C. Tanner Company</h2><br>
<p>After four years of lying vacant, the O. C. Tanner Company bought the building in 2007 for $1.2 million. Before Tanner came along, two referendums to fund the empty building were rejected, but the jeweling company&#39;s clear plan got the votes it needed.</p><br>
<p>Upon the companys purchase of the building, O.C. Tanners staff decided to try to mimic the original architecture as closely as possible. Because of this, the dome at the rear of the building was removed. Instead of simply demolishing the dome, however, it was systematically dismantled and donated to the Zion&#39;s Gateway to the Stars planetarium in Orderville, Utah. Also, the front staircase was restored to its original condition by removing the fountain in the center, which, coincidentally, was donated by O. C. Tanner himself.</p><br>
<p>Only three of the four walls—the sides and front—were preserved in Tanners restoration. Since the back had already been altered by the Hansen Planetarium and there were no original images of that wall from the 1905 building, Curtis Bennett, vice president of the companys retail operations, was allowed a little freedom with that design. The bottom of the rear wall contains repeated images from the library in 1905, the top contains images of a galaxy (signifying the Hansen Planetarium), and the middle contains an image of the founder of the company, O.C. Tanner. The image on the glass is a dot-matrix image, but the stone imaging required a new process developed specifically for this building.</p><br>
<p>Inside the building, a new limestone spiral staircase was built with a Flora Cascade chandelier hanging in the center of the spiral. The chandelier was designed by Sharon Marston and includes about 4,000 strands of fiber optics, more than 14,000 interwoven shapes made of white polymer and steel, and about 3,000 golden and amber glass leaves. Weighing 243 lbs and extending 26.4 ft from the ceiling, the chandelier stretches nearly the entire height of the building.</p><br>
<p>The E. E. Haugen House, also known as Charles R. Berry Residence or E. E. Haugen Residence, in Brookings, South Dakota, United States, was built in 1904.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>The Haugen, E.E., Residence is an excellent local example of the Colonial Revival style of architecture used for homes built in the USA during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The residence is a local interpretation of a nationally advertised architect’s design that appeared in The Woman’s Home Companion between 1898 and 1904. The grand home, built in 1904, was one of the early landmarks in Brookings and was even featured in an early twentieth-century promotional booklet for the town. The house is currently privately owned.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on March 1, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Westerberg  in is a low ridge in Northern Germany in the north of the collective municipality of Börde Lamstedt in the state of Lower Saxony. It is covered with mixed forest and, like the nearby Wingst ridge, it is an end moraine from the Saale glaciation period. Together with the Wingst it forms part of the eastern boundary of Land Hadeln.</p><br>
<p>The Georgenhöhe ("George&#39;s Height") is its highest elevation at 66 m.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the Westerberg woods are inter alia a megalithic grave or dolmen, the Steinofen and a "stone garden", a collection of 106 examples of glacial erratics. A nunnery that later moved to Himmelpforten was originally seated on the hill. The convent owned Westerberg hill with its forest.</p><br>
<p>The erratics are evidence of the impact of the ice age on the region.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Kamm House, also called the Jacob Kamm Mansion, is a French Second Empire style mansion in Portland, Oregon, built in 1871. It was moved from its original location on SW 14th and Main to its current location in Goose Hollow in 1950 to make room for Lincoln High School&#39;s campus. It was purchased by preservationist Eric Ladd for $1,000 at auction and moved to its present location, along with two other houses Ladd was interested in preserving, at SW 20th and Jefferson, which was called "the colony."</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The house, completed in 1871, was designed by architect Justus F. Krumbein, who was also involved in the design of the Oregon State Capitol. The wooden shingles on the Mansard roof are scalloped to appear like slate. The original address to the house was 488 Main Street; the city&#39;s streets were renamed in the early 1930s and the location became Southwest 14th and Main.</p><br>
<p>Notable early features were central heating, using steam from a ship&#39;s boiler, and a rudimentary system of air conditioning, using cool air from the basement directed through the house through air pipes and cast iron vents.</p><br>
<h2>Adventure House/Junior Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1946, a few years before the house was moved, The Oregonian said it "sits aloofly and well back from the fenced off streets", and said it had been continuously occupied, even though Kamm died in 1912 and his wife died in 1932. By 1950, the museum was known as the "Junior Museum", and moved to a location in Lair Hill. The site was loaned to the Parks and Recreation Department from the Portland Public Schools, who already had plans for moving onto the site. By that time, the formerly rural area was "a community thickly populated, with houses and apartments closely spaced." An article in 1950 stated the Junior Museum was "filled with boys and girls who have never climbed a tree before", and that weekly attendance was 400-600.</p><br>
<h2>1950 move</h2><br>
<p>In 1950, the house was moved to make room for Lincoln High School, which was moving from its South Park Blocks location, called Old Main. It was then moved to its 20th Avenue location around December 16, 1950, on wooden rollers, rather than wheels, since it was too heavy. The home was moved partway one day, and then was left standing on the road during a large storm. Since utility works was needed to disconnect and reconnect electrical lines crossing roads, the rest of the journey had to wait while utility crews repaired storm damage elsewhere in the city. The house was described as "barren and austere" by The Oregonian, which also noted its gas and electric chandeliers, decorative plaster wainscoting on the stairway flights, and inlaid hardwoods, though some rooms had been recovered in asphalt floor tiling. The move was coordinated by Allstate Construction.</p><br>
<p>Two days before demolition on the house was to begin in 1950, Eric Ladd purchased the Kamm house for $1000 to move it to a colony of significant homes, later called the "Old Portland Colony", having three historic homes by 1965. The mansion was moved approximately 0.5 mi to 1425 SW 20th Avenue on a 10,000 ft&sup2; lot. A 1955 society page spread in a June 1955 The Oregonian discussed how guests arrived at the home dressed in clothing reminiscent of "the when Portland social life saw one of its gayest periods", including arriving by horse and buggy. The restaurant had opened for an Oregon Historical Society benefit and reception for patrons of the society, with dinner being $100 per plate and 80 patrons in attendance. The restaurant could not get a liquor license for the first year. After the first two years, Eric Ladd simplified operations, did all of the baking for the restaurant himself, but still had to close the restaurant after another two years.</p><br>
<p>Eric Ladd (1921-2000) was called "the idiosyncratic Portlander who was in the forefront of historic preservation" by The Oregonian at his death in 2000. He received an award from the Portland Beautification Association, inscribed "The Tenacious Preservationist". The Old Portland Colony also contained a replica of Abraham Lincoln&#39;s Springfield, Kentucky home, built for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition. The Lincoln home was opened as a museum and a sandwich shop in about 1956, but had a large fire some time later. By 1958, Eric Ladd was distracted by the Pittock Mansion, where he had moved.</p><br>
<h2>1960s decline</h2><br>
<p>Called an "ailing home" in 1965, the home was "just the skeleton of the home Jacob Kamm built". The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 5, 1974. A report from 1971 discussed Upon entering the house, cold chilling air greets you. The sound of dripping water draws attention to the gigantic parlor living room area. The water streams profusely from the ceiling on to the expensive red carpeting. No one has been able to find the leak, so it is left to continue soaking the carpet. There is no container to catch the water.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Historical Landmarks Commission voted unanimously in June 1982 to recommend to the City Council that the house be made a landmark. Peter Hoffman, owner of the house since 1979, announced the property was for sale at a meeting to make the house a landmark on September 9, 1982. On November 3, 1982, the Portland City Council voted on whether to make the house a landmark. The owner of the property, Peter Hoffman, originally supported landmark status, but requested it not be made a landmark, as he felt it would impede his efforts to sell the house. The council voted against designating it a landmark, with Frank Ivancie and commissioner Mildred Schwab being the only votes to accept it as a landmark. By October 2009, the home had received Portland Historic Landmark status.</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>The home was sold to the Kamm House Partnership (William J. Hawkins III, Ron Emerson) by 1984. It contained both apartments and offices at that time, including a national office for the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Project.</p><br>
<p>It is currently home to the Alliance française de Portland, who hosts the annual Bastille Day festival at Director Park.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>In their survey of classic Portland homes, Hawkins and Willingham stated the home was</p><br>
<p>Portland&#39;s singular remaining great mansion from the decade of the 1870s... the most proper design in the style.. is handsomely proportioned, clearly imitating stone construction in wood. It has no tower, but the mansard roof is a distinct attribute, probably the closest in design to those in France.</p><br>
<p>Bart King&#39;s An Architectural Guidebook to Portland states</p><br>
<p>"A somewhat daunting structure, the Jacob Kamm House may qualify as the city&#39;s first real mansion. It has dramatic quoined corners, arched and elongated windows with keystones, and expressive baroque dormers in the mansard roof. Alone on a dead-end street, it seems to look reproachfully at an area developed in a hodge-podge manner.</p><br>
<p>Chetolah, also known as the George Inness, Jr. Estate, is a historic estate located at Cragsmoor in Ulster County, New York. The estate includes the main house and 10 support structures. The main house was begun in 1901 and is a large, rambling, -story, eclectic style residence with a hipped, metal-sheathed roof with both shed and eyelid type dormers. It features both a stucco and shingled exterior. Other buildings include a greenhouse, studio, garage, two residences, a log cabin, and stone tower and gatehouse. It was designed by and used as a summer home by George Inness, Jr. , son of noted artist George Inness . In 1936, the estate was purchased by the missionary order Daughters of Mary, Health of the Sick and served as Motherhouse and Novitiate until 1970.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>First Methodist Church is a historic church in the Central neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Located on the southeast corner of E.30th Street and Euclid Avenue, the church was built in 1905 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. In 2010, The congregation left the Euclid Avenue building to merge with Epworth-Euclid United Methodist Church to form University Circle United Methodist Church in Epworth-Euclid UMC&#39;s University Circle building. Euclid Avenue Congregational Church, whose building in the Fairfax neighborhood was destroyed in a fire in 2010, occupied the former First Methodist building from 2010 until mid-2014 before moving to a permanent building in South Euclid, a suburb of Cleveland. The former First Methodist building is currently unused.</p><br>
<p>The James A. Garfield Memorial was built in memory of the 20th USA President, James A. Garfield, who was assassinated in 1881. The memorial is located at 12316 Euclid Avenue in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio. The country grieved for his loss almost as much as they had done for Lincoln, 16 years previously. In Washington, 100,000 plus citizens visited his casket, lying in state in the Capitol. Part of the memorial’s funding came from pennies sent in by children throughout the country.</p><br>
<p>The caskets of the President and Lucretia Garfield lie in a crypt beneath the memorial, along with the ashes of their daughter and son-in-law, (Mary "Mollie" Garfield Stanley-Brown (1867–1947) and Joseph Stanley Brown).</p><br>
<p>The tomb was designed by architect George Keller utilizing Ohio sandstone, with reliefs depicting scenes from Garfield&#39;s life. The exterior sculptures were done by Caspar Buberl. Its construction began in 1885, and it was dedicated on May 30, 1890. Its cost, $135,000, was funded entirely through private donations. The round tower is 50 ft in diameter and 180 ft high. Around the exterior of the balcony are five terra cotta panels with over 110 life size figures depicting Garfield’s life and death. The interior features stained glass windows and window like panes representing the original 13 colonies, plus the state of Ohio, along with panels depicting War and Peace; mosaics; deep red granite columns; and a 12 ft-tall white Carrara marble statue of President Garfield by Alexander Doyle. An observation deck provides views of downtown Cleveland and Lake Erie. The monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>It is open to the public daily from April 1 through November 19 from 9am to 4pm.</p><br>
<p>Holy Rosary Catholic Church is a historic Catholic parish church in the Little Italy neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Founded in the early 1890s, the parish completed the present Baroque-styled church shortly before 1910; the building has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1890s, a strong Italian immigrant community had been formed along Mayfield Road on the eastern edge of Cleveland, and priests from the nearby community of East Cleveland began ministering to these immigrants. Their efforts saw success: the Diocese of Cleveland formed Holy Rosary parish in 1892, and the first church building was erected by the years end. Although Italian ties were strong in the community, they soon began to assimilate; religious education for children was offered at the church as early as 1896. At one time, Holy Rosary was one of approximately fifty national parishes in Cleveland, due to the citys rapid growth via European immigration; it was the first Italian parish in the city. The members arranged for the present building to be erected in 1905, although four years passed before it was ready for consecration.</p><br>
<p>Many of Holy Rosarys earliest members were stone cutters, but their church does not reflect their craft: its walls are brick. The foundation is stone, and copper and stone are used for various external details. At the center of the facade, flights of stairs provide access to the double doors at the main entrance, above which two large arched windows are placed. The bays on the sides of the facade include large arched areas filled primarily with brick; only small arched windows and oculi penetrate these walls. Two belt courses, the lower more prominent than the upper, appear near the top of the facade; one is interrupted by the large arch windows above the entrance, while the other sits immediately above them. Numerous statues stand atop the facade at its significant points, while the buildings eastern corner is topped by a domed cupola.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, Holy Rosary Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and its place in the communitys history. It is one of several national parishes with this designation in the city, along with St. Elizabeths (Hungarian), St. Michaels (German), St. Stanislaus (Polish), and St. Stephen&#39;s (German).</p><br>
<p>North Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1880s, the church building has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history, the congregation has been focused on Sunday school work. North Presbyterian Church developed out of a mission Sunday school established in east-side Cleveland in 1859. The local presbytery organized a congregation out of the Sunday school in 1867, and within a short while, the new congregation formed the first of two mission Sunday schools in other locations. When the present building was constructed, it was designed to facilitate Sunday schools, with small classrooms surrounding the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Members arranged for the present building to be erected in the mid-1880s: construction began in 1886 and continued into the following year. It is an eclectic structure, mixing Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival design elements in an unusual manner. A central tower protrudes slightly from the rest of the facade; it is topped by a steep pyramidal roof. At the base of the tower is the main entrance, and small vertical windows shelter a belfry immediately below the base of the roof; a large window fills nearly all of the space between the main entrance and the belfry. On each side of the tower, the facade is divided into four bays by buttresses running from foundation to the roof, topped by steep pinnacles. Each bay includes two small windows at ground level and a massive window, similar to the one in the tower, that fills most of the width and height in the bay. The building&#39;s main corner (on the left from the perspective of someone facing the main entrance), facing an intersection along Superior Avenue, is rounded, and the design of the facade continues onto the western side.</p><br>
<p>In late 1974, North Presbyterian Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and because of its place in local history. Critical to this designation was the congregation&#39;s dedication to religious education, as seen both in its history and its architecture. The general design elements were unusual for period churches, and the floor plan that concentrated on the Sunday school space was highly distinctive; together, these themes caused the church to be a unique example of late nineteenth-century churches in the region.</p><br>
<p>Pilgrim Congregational Church is a historic congregation of the United Church of Christ in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1890s for a congregation founded in the 1850s, it was named a historic site in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Congregationalists began operating a Sunday school in Clevelands Tremont neighborhood in 1854, and their efforts resulted in the creation of a church five years later. The members began construction of their first church building in 1865, although it was not completed until 1870. It was suitable for the congregations needs for only a short time, as construction on the present building was started just 23 years after the first building was finished. The name "Pilgrim Congregational Church" was adopted in 1894 upon the completion of the present building; they had been styled "Heights Congregational Church" into the 1870s and used the name "Jennings Avenue Congregational Church" in the 1880s. The building was a community landmark from its earliest years — electric wiring was included in the original construction at a time when no other Cleveland buildings west of the Cuyahoga River had electricity.</p><br>
<p>Designed by prominent Cleveland architect Sidney Badgley, Pilgrim Congregational cost approximately $150,000 to complete. It is a generally square building typical of the Richardsonian Romanesque style, distinguished by exterior elements such as prominent rose windows on the northern and eastern sides. At the time of construction, the church was deeply involved in social programs in the community; rooms such as recreation space for young men, a library, and a gymnasium take up two-thirds of the building. The tallest section of the church is a square corner tower with a pointed roof; tall arched windows occupy much of its height, with circular windows and a belfry between the arched windows and the top of the tower. The main entrance also is through an arch, placed at the top of a wide flight of stairs.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, Pilgrim Congregational Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture, which when completed was called an "epoch-making church building&quot just four years after the building was erected, the plans had been used as an example of the latest ecclesiastical architecture at the Paris Exhibition at the turn of the century. It was one of twenty Cuyahoga County locations added to the Register in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Cemetery Chapel is a historic chapel located in Riverside Cemetery at 3607 Pearl Road in Cleveland, Ohio. It was built in 1876, received an addition in 1897, and closed due to disrepair in 1953. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It underwent a major renovation beginning in 1995, and reopened in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Constructing the chapel</h2><br>
<p>The Riverside Cemetery Association was formed on November 15, 1875. About April 1876, the association&#39;s trustees hired the Cleveland architectural firm of Bruch & Monks</p><br>
<p>The chapel was to be erected at the center of the northern upper plateau of the cemetery, which was the first area to be developed for burials. A 1,000 ft long road, called Chapel Avenue, led east from the chapel to the cemetery&#39;s eastern boundary. A fountain (never built) was to anchor the eastern end of the road. The chapel itself was a Gothic Revival-style structure with an interior measuring just 26 by square. Simple wooden pews faced forward, providing seating for between 80 and 90 persons. The chapel had a single above-ground story, with a full basement which served as a receiving vault. Coffins placed on the dais could be lowered into the receiving vault below mechanically. Narrow bunk-like racks provided space for the storage of coffins and human remains until the spring thaw. Up to 30 coffins could be stored in the receiving vault. Four narrow metal tubes rose from the basement through the north and south roofs to provide ventilation. The building was unheated, and the only light was provided by small dormer windows set high in the roof.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Cemetery was opened on July 8, 1876, on a bluff overlooking the west bank of the Cuyahoga River in the unincorporated village of Brooklyn Centre (now a neighborhood which is part of Cleveland, but then an independent settlement). It was a garden-style cemetery, and at the time of its dedication the largest cemetery on Cleveland&#39;s west side.</p><br>
<p>Plans for the chapel were approved by the trustees on August 4, 1876, and construction proceeded immediately and swiftly. The chapel was dedicated on November 9, 1876. The cost of construction was $3,855 ($ in dollars). A formal dedication of the cemetery took place on November 17, 1876. Ohio Governor (and President-elect) Rutherford B. Hayes attended the ceremony, planting a tree on Chapel Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>History of the chapel</h2><br>
<p>On December 13, 1897, the cemetery trustees voted to approve the addition of a porte-cochère to the east side of the chapel. The Cleveland architectural firm of Steffens, Searles & Hirsh was hired to design the alterations, which also included adding a coal-fired furnace and coal room in the basement, Construction began on July 7, 1898, and was complete on November 3 at a cost of about $2,700 ($ in dollars).</p><br>
<p>In serious need of repair, upgrades, and restorations, the chapel was closed in 1953.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, several stone roof caps were dislodged and fell to the ground just hours after the funeral of a cemetery trustee was held in the chapel. In 1992, realizing that the chapel was in danger of collapse, the cemetery began a $250,000 fundraising campaign to restore it to full use. A charitable foundation was established to receive monies. Although costs had risen to $285,000, by 1995 the cemetery had $105,000 in hand and decided to proceed with the renovation. The renovation was designed by the Cleveland architectural firm of Steven McQuillin & Associates. The restoration included restoring the building to use, removing a brick chimney on the buildings west facade (added to vent smoke from the now-disused coal furnace), and removing the ventilation tubes from the roof (since the receiving vault was no longer used). Construction, overseen by Platt Construction Co. of Cleveland, began in the summer of 1995. William Halley, the cemeterys superintendent from 1971 to 2010, oversaw the fundraising and renovation. With the existing pews no longer serviceable, Halley obtained century-old pews for the chapel from Trinity Cathedral, a church also listed on the National Register of Historic Places which was renovating its nave. The renovation was completed in August 1998, and the chapel rededicated in June 1999. At that time, was named the William Halley Chapel in honor of superintendent William Halley.</p><br>
<p>St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in the Buckeye Road neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The earliest ethnic parish established for Hungarians in the United States, its present building was constructed in the early twentieth century, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Parish history</h2><br>
<p>Clevelands first Hungarian Catholics initially worshipped at St. Ladislaus Church, an east-side Slovakian parish, but ethnic strife and increasing immigration prompted the Hungarian community to seek their own parish. Bishop Horstmann interceded on their behalf with papal authorities, and Charles Boehm of Hungary settled in Cleveland in late 1892 to serve the new St. Elizabeth parish, the first Hungarian nationality parish in America. Boehm immediately began registering members and advocating for the construction of a church complex; the first church building, a brick structure, was erected by the end of 1893, a school soon followed, and a larger school was completed in 1900 because of expanded enrollment. He also began a Hungarian-language parish newspaper that soon gained subscribers in other parts of the United States and in Hungary. Julius Szepessy took Boehm&#39;s place in 1907 after the latter left to begin missions among Hungarians in America, but after Szepessy died in 1923, Boehm returned and remained until retiring in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The parish was weakened in 1904 as Hungarian Catholics living in western Cleveland began to weary of their three-hour round trip for Mass. With Boehms support, the new St. Emerics Church was created for them; it was the first of more than a dozen Hungarian parishes established directly or indirectly through his influence. Nevertheless, Boehms remaining parishioners were numerous enough that the old building was insufficient for their needs, and by the time of his departure in 1907, he had begun to raise money for the erection of a replacement. Before his death, Szepessy saw the completion of the present structure, along with a parish hall that became a community center for the neighborhoods Hungarians.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Elizabeths first building with a basic Gothic Revival structure of brick, completed in 1893 and removed in 1917 for the construction of the present building. Although the cornerstone was laid in 1918, the construction process was lengthy, and it was finally completed only in 1922. Built primarily of limestone, according to a design of Cleveland architect Emile Uhlrich, the church is an example of Italian-influenced Baroque Revival architecture, partly modelled after the church of SantAgnese in Agone in Rome. Two great towers, topped with cupolas, form the ends of the facade, while a great rose window sits in the middle section of the facade high above the main entrance. A flight of steps rises from the sidewalk to the central main entrance, which sits along the sidewalk with no setback.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, St. Elizabeths Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in the areas history and because of its historically significant architecture. The building has been well maintained, due partially to funds from generous bequests, but membership has fallen significantly from the parishs height. Most of the neighborhoods Hungarian residents left in the 1970s, due largely to disappearing factory jobs and rapidly rising crime rates. However, comparable weakening at the west side daughter parish, St. Emerics, and another Hungarian parish in Orange, St. Margarets, prompted Bishop Lennon to close those two parishes in early 2009 and urge their members to begin worshipping at St. Elizabeth&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Col. Oliver Hazard Payne Estate is a historic 60 acre estate located on the west bank of the Hudson River at Esopus in Ulster County, New York, United States. The estate features a 42,000 ft&sup2; Beaux Arts-style Mediterranean palazzo with an open courtyard designed in 1905 by the architect Thomas Hastings of the renowned firm Carrere and Hastings, who also designed the New York Public Library and the Frick Collection, for Col. Oliver Hazard Payne. The estate is currently owned by Marist College and operated as the Raymond A. Rich Institute for Leadership Development.</p><br>
<h2>History of the estate</h2><br>
<p>Col. Oliver Hazard Payne (1839–1917) began construction on the mansion in 1909 and finished in 1911. The mansion was built on the same site as "Waldorf," John Jacob Astor III’s (1822–1890) somewhat less grand Renaissance-style residence that was razed. Payne had served as a colonel in the American Civil War, during which time he was grievously wounded. He later became involved in oil refining and founded the company Clark, Payne & Co. which was purchased by John D. Rockefeller in 1872, at which point Payne became the treasurer of Standard Oil and one of the wealthiest men in America.</p><br>
<p>As Payne never married nor had children, upon his death in 1917, the house passed to one of his nephews, Harry Payne Bingham (1887–1955). In 1933, Bingham donated the 484 acre estate to the Episcopal Diocese of New York, which established the Wiltwyck School for Boys, serving troubled children from 1937 until 1966. The School&#39;s leaders included Eleanor Roosevelt and its alumni included boxing champion Floyd Patterson.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, 60 acres of the estate, including the mansion, was purchased by the Marist Brothers, founders of Marist College and was used as a retreat for several years.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the estate was purchased by Raymond A. Rich (1912–2009), a wealthy businessman and industrialist who served as CEO of USA Filters Corp during the 1970s, from the Marist Brothers. Following his purchase, he restored the mansion to its former glory and resided there until his death in June 2009.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, after the death of Rich, it was revealed that he had bequeathed the estate to Marist College, located on the east bank of the Hudson River in Poughkeepsie, New York. This brings the estate full circle following its ownership by the Marist Brothers. The estate has since been part of the Raymond A. Rich Leadership Institute at Marist; the mansion is used for speakers, conferences and workshops by the school.</p><br>
<h2>Mansion</h2><br>
<p>The 1909 mansion, completed in 1911, is constructed of reinforced concrete and faced with Italian limestone topped by red tile clad hipped roofs. The eastern portico has six single-story Ionic columns set between rugged arched pavilions and is fronted by a balustraded terrace overlooking the river. At the palazzo&#39;s center is an enclosed courtyard fitted with a fountain and recessed loggias adorned with frescoes.</p><br>
<p>Located nearby on the riverbank is a stone boat house that is part of the estate. The boathouse, built soon after the palazzo, is a rare survivor of its type on the river, it is neither Italian Renaissance nor rustic, but somewhere between the two.</p><br>
<p>The estate is considered one of the most architecturally significant houses in the Hudson Valley, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Church and Friary was a historic church at 2543 E. 23rd Street at Woodland in Cleveland, Ohio. It was designed by architects Cudell & Richardson, built in 1873, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The congregation dwindled due to the construction of nearby interstate highways, and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland closed the church in 1986. It was later deconsecrated. The friary and school suffered moderate damage on January 25, 1993, after a fire set by homeless people who sought shelter in the building got out of control. A second, much more severe fire (whether set by homeless individuals or vandals was unclear) occurred inside the church itself on February 15, 1993. A third fire on February 19, 1993, destroyed the remainder of the structure. The church was demolished on February 20.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the fires, the stained glass windows, artwork, and most of the other useful items at St. Joseph&#39;s Church and Friary had been removed and given to other Catholic Churches for use.</p><br>
<p>The former St. Pauls Episcopal Church is a historic church in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Built for an Episcopal parish by a well-known architect, it became a prominent component of the citys wealthy Millionaire&#39;s Row, due to its grand architecture. Although vacated by its original owners in the 1920s, it was soon bought by a Catholic monastic group that occupies it into the present day. It was named a historic site in 1980.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Episcopal Church was founded in late 1846, and for two years the parishioners worshipped in a hotel before constructing a building at Fourth and Euclid downtown. A fire destroyed the structure before it was completed, but people throughout the city contributed funds to build a brick replacement in 1851. By the 1870s, the streets surrounding the church had become primarily commercial, so the vestry sold the building and rented halls while building the present church eastward on Euclid Avenue. Its placement amid the wealthy Millionaires Row district soon caused it to become a symbol of the neighborhood. However, the membership gradually moved farther eastward, and in 1928 a new building was constructed in Cleveland Heights. Meanwhile, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland was seven years into the process of establishing a monastery for perpetual Eucharistic adoration by the Poor Clares. Two years after the Episcopalians had moved eastward, they sought to sell the old building, and the Catholic diocese bought it for monastic use. A new Catholic parish, dedicated to St. Paul like the original occupants, was erected in 1949 to worship on the property; it remains to the present.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls church building is one of just six Gothic Revival churches built in Cleveland during the 1870s that survived into the 1980s. At one time considered Clevelands grandest and largest church, it is distinguished by the unusual architecture of the peak of the bell tower, and the open interior features extensive detailing, along with seating for one thousand worshippers. Covered with sandstone from Berea, the building was a work of Gordon W. Lloyd, a Detroit architect who also produced grand churches in Ohio cities of various sizes, ranging from Trinity Episcopal Church in downtown Columbus to St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church in the smaller community of Medina.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, St. Paul&#39;s was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of thirteen Lloyd-designed buildings, including ten churches, that are listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>St. Stephen Church is a Roman Catholic church located on the west side of Cleveland, Ohio at 1930 West 54th Street. The gothic style building was designed by architects Cudell & Richardson. The current church was built in 1875 and was added into the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Stephen Roman Catholic Church was founded in 1869 due to a need for a second German parish on the west side of Cleveland. The first German parish, St. Mary’s, increased so much that Cleveland was in need of a second parish for German-speaking Catholics. In April 1869 the first bishop of Cleveland, Bishop Louis Amadeus Rappe, appointed Fr. Stephen Falk to have a two-story building built. The building would be used as a church on the upper level and a school on the lower level to accommodate the 200 families from St. Mary’s that lived west of 44th Street.</p><br>
<p>The newly ordained Fr. Casimir Reichlin became the first pastor and said the first Mass of the parish on May 1, 1870. He served as pastor of St. Stephen’s for 38 years. In 1873, Fr. Reichlin realized that a new church building was needed to accommodate the growing parish. The Cleveland-based architect firm called Cudell & Richardson was hired to build the structure that still stands today as St. Stephen’s Roman Catholic Church. Due to economic depression in the mid-1870s, work on the new building was stopped. Parishioners mortgaged their own properties to raise funds for the new church. It was dedicated on November 20, 1881 by the second bishop of Cleveland, Rev. Richard Gilmour. Volunteer German and Hungarian woodworkers completed the interior of the church.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 40 years, the parish added a rectory, convent for the Sisters of Notre Dame and two school buildings including one for and an all girls two-year high school which opened in 1905. After World War II, St. Stephen’s parish experienced unprecedented growth due to the population growth in Cleveland and throughout the country. On June 8, 1953 a tornado severely damaged the church structure. Work to restore the building began immediately. The church was reopened on November 6, 1953.</p><br>
<p>In the late sixties, the parish enrollment was at a low due to migration of families to suburban towns. St. Stephen’s parish graduated its last high school class in 1970 and the following school year moved the elementary level classes into the old high school building. In 1986, St. Stephen School combined with St. Michael and St. Boniface Schools and formed.</p><br>
<p>St. Stephen’s was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church building is made entirely of stone, mainly Amherst stone, by Cudell & Richardson Architect firm. The church is 165 long and 74 feet wide. The architect style is Gothic and the shape of the church is cruciform. On each side of the main altar are six enormous wooden pillars that branch out into many columns. The high altar, side altars and pulpit are made entirely of oak wood and decorated with beautiful German woodcarvings. The church pews are also oak. A Mexican onyx and brass Communion rail was installed over the years and the floor of the sanctuary and aisles is made of black and white marble tiles.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary life</h2><br>
<p>St. Stephen’s is a fully active Roman Catholic Parish in the Diocese of Cleveland. This means that they have a full parish staff and church council. They have regular Sunday Masses as well as daily Masses. German Mass is offered every first Sunday at 11am. In addition to German and English Masses, St. Stephen’s also offers Tridentine Latin Masses every Sunday at 9:30am as well as daily Tridentine Latin Masses at varying times. The Latin Mass celebrant at St. Stephen’s is Rev. Fr. Bede Kotlinski, OSB. Other staff includes Pastor Rev. Caroli B. Shao and Permanent Deacon Rev. Mr. Moises Cruz.</p><br>
<p>St. Stephen’s hosts many church events and fund raisers as well as promotes those of other local parishes. St. Stephen’s also promotes pro-life events as well as home school events. In keeping with its German tradition, one of the many cultural activities that is offered at St. Stephen’s is a German summer camp. This summer camp allows children to be introduced to the German language in a fun setting through crafts, games, and scavenger hunts. The summer camp requires no prior knowledge of the German language. The parish observes “Priesthood Sunday” to celebrate the gift of the holy priesthood in the life of the Catholic Church and encourages parishioners to pray for and submit a thank you note for priests numerous priests.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Cathedral is a historic church on Euclid Avenue at East 22nd Street in Cleveland, Ohio. It is the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1901 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trinity parish was founded on November 9, 1816 in the home of Phineas Shepherd. As the parish grew, a new wood-frame church was erected on the corner of St. Clair Avenue and Seneca Street (now West 3rd Street) and was consecrated in 1829. This was the first church building built within the village limits of Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, to meet the needs of a growing parish, plans for a larger, centralized building just east of Public Square commenced. The congregation moved into the larger stone structure in the Gothic style on Superior Avenue in 1855. In 1890, Trinity Church was offered to Bishop William A. Leonard for use as a cathedral for the Diocese of Ohio. The congregation would maintain the building and it would serve dual roles as the parish church and cathedral for the diocese. Shortly thereafter plans were developed to build a new cathedral in its present location.</p><br>
<p>Charles F. Schweinfurth was selected as the architect for the new cathedral and had originally planned a Romanesque building. Bishop Leonard and the congregation strongly objected preferring a Gothic structure that was more befitting to Anglican traditions. Construction began on the cathedral in 1901 and it was officially consecrated on September 24, 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Trinity Commons was completed which provided additional program and office space for the cathedral and diocese. Central to the Trinity Commons is a central piazza used for informal gatherings after services and serves as the entry space for the cathedral. In addition to meeting and office space, the Commons hosts and art gallery, coffee shop, and restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Deans</h2><br>
<p>Yelverton Peyton Morgan 1882-1891</p><br>
<p>Charles David Williams 1893-1906</p><br>
<p>Frank Dumoulin 1907-1914</p><br>
<p>Henry Pryor Almon Abbott 1914-1919</p><br>
<p>Francis Samuel White 1920-1931</p><br>
<p>Chester Burge Emerson 1932-1951</p><br>
<p>Percy F. Rex 1953-1957</p><br>
<p>David Loegler 1958-1968</p><br>
<p>Perry Roberts Williams 1968-1989</p><br>
<p>William Dailey Persell 1991-1999</p><br>
<p>Tracey Lind 2000–2017</p><br>
